I believe it a more rational mode of law - making to give priority to enacted law with judge - made law as supplement 我認為,采取以制定法為主以法官造法為輔才是一種比較合理造法模式。
However , the complicated proceedings needed in enacted law also lead to lower efficiency compared with judge - made law 但是,也正因為立法者造法需要通過復(fù)雜的程序來集思廣益,所以效率比較低;而司法者造法的效率則比較高。
In general , judge - made law is also called judiciary - made law , case law and unwritten law , which means judicial functionaries formulate laws applied to individual cases by adjudicating specific lawsuits 法官造法通常也稱為“司法者造法” 、 “判例法”或“不成文法” ,是指由司法人員通過審判具體案件而制定出適用于個案的法律。
If judges can create laws at will beyond or even discarding the spirits and principles of present laws , authority - exceeding as far as arbitrariness of judicature will occur , which over - magnifies the power of judges with civil rights open to the threats of new judge - made law all the time 如果法官可以超越甚至拋棄現(xiàn)行法律的精神和原則,隨心所欲地創(chuàng)造法律,那就會導(dǎo)致司法越權(quán)甚至司法專橫,這將會使法官的權(quán)力過大而使公民的權(quán)利隨時面臨著法官新造之法的威脅。
Because of the common law tradition , american law comes from four basic sources : the federal and state constitutions , statutes made by the united states congress and the legislatures of the various states , case law or judge - made law ( uncodified law based on judicial decisions ) , and rules and decisions formulated by administrative agencies collectively known as administrative law 由于普通法系統(tǒng)的傳統(tǒng),美國法律有4個基本來源:聯(lián)邦和州憲法,美國國會和各州議會通過的成文法,判例法或者說法官制定的法律(基于法院判決的不成文法) ,以及統(tǒng)稱為行政法的由各行政機關(guān)制定的規(guī)則和決議。
judge: n. 1. 審判員,法官,推事。 2.〔J-〕最高審判者 ...made: adj. 1.…制的,(人工)做成的;拼成的。 2.體格 ...law: int. 〔英俚〕天哪! 噯呀! judge made law: 判例官, 法官法judge made: 法官制定judge-made: 由法官[判決]創(chuàng)造的(the judge-made law 【法律】判例法)。 administrative law judge: 行政法法官; 行政法官common-law courts made law: 普通法院判例法be no judge of: 不能判定judge: n. 1. 審判員,法官,推事。 2.〔J-〕最高審判者〔指神、上帝〕。 3. (糾紛等的)評判者;(比賽等的)裁判員。 4.鑒定人,鑒賞家。 5.【歷史】士師〔猶太所羅國王以前的統(tǒng)治者〕。 6.〔J-〕〔pl.〕(《舊約圣經(jīng)》中的)《士師記》(=the Book of Judges)。 an associate judge, a side judge 陪審員。 an examining [preliminary] judge 第一審判員。 as grave [sober] as a judge 像法官那樣莊重,非常嚴(yán)肅。 act as judge at the race 在賽跑中擔(dān)任裁判員。 a good judge of horses 善于識馬的人。 He is no judgein such matters. 他對這些事是外行。 be no judge of 不能鑒定。 vi. 1.判決;審理;審判。 2.裁判;評定;裁決。 3.監(jiān)定;識別;評價。 4. 斷定,認為。 5.〔古語〕批評,指責(zé)。 judgeworks of art 評價藝術(shù)品。 It was judged better to set out at once. 認為立刻出發(fā)比較好。 vi. 1.下判斷,作出裁判。 2.作評價。 judge by [from] appearances 由外觀上判斷。 judging from the fact 由事實上推測。 judge between two combatants 在兩個競技者之間裁決勝負。 judge by: 根據(jù)…來判斷judge of: 對……作評價to judge: 審理,審判be made by: 由……制造be made for: 最理想的, 最適宜的be made in: 產(chǎn)自; 在......生產(chǎn)或制造; 在……地方制造; 在制造; 在(某地)生產(chǎn)或制造; 在某地制造; 在哪制造be made into: 把…制成; 被制成; 制成、加工成; 制成……be made of: 用……制造的; 由組成; 由…所組成; 由……制成(看得出原材料); 由……制成的; 由…組成,由…構(gòu)成; 由制成(看出材料)made: adj. 1.…制的,(人工)做成的;拼成的。 2.體格…的。 3.保證成功的。 4.虛構(gòu)的。 foreign-made [ready-made] clothes 外國做的[現(xiàn)成的]衣服。 made land [ground] 填筑地。 a made story 編造出來的故事。 He is made of money. 他很有錢。 a made dish 雜燴。 well-made體格好的。 a made man 成功者。 be made from 由…制成的。 be made of …制的,用…制成的。 made up of 由…組成。 made in: 產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)地; 由…制造; 原產(chǎn)國made it: 是一個很好用的詞組made of: 把...培養(yǎng)成a clever judge: 一個聰明的法官a wise judge: 聰明的法官act as judge: 執(zhí)獄